There is widespread (even if not universal) agreement that something is deeply wrong with the current system of academic publishing. The basic point, which has been made innumerable times by innumerable people, is that the really hard parts — the writing of papers, and the peer review and selection of the ones to publish — are done voluntarily by academics, and modern technology makes things like typesetting and dissemination extremely cheap. And yet publishers are making more money than ever before. They do this by insisting that we give them ownership of the content we produce (though many journals will publish papers even if you strike out the part of the contract that hands them this ownership — these days I never agree to give copyright to a publisher, and I urge you not to either), and by bundling their journals together so that libraries are forced into an all-or-nothing decision. (As another aside, I also urge libraries to look closely at what is happening in Germany, where they have gone for the “nothing” option with Elsevier and the world has not come to an end.)
What can be done about this? There are many actions, none of which are likely to be sufficient to bring about major change on their own, but which in combination will help to get us to a tipping point. In no particular order, here are some of them.
- Create new journals that operate much more cheaply and wait for them to become established.
- Persuade libraries not to agree to Big Deals with the big publishers.
- Refuse to publish with, write for, or edit for, the big publishers.
- Make sure all your work is freely available online.
- Encourage journals that are supporting the big publishers to leave those publishers and set up in a cheaper and fairer way.
Not all of these are easy things to do, but I’m delighted to report that a small group I belong to, set up by Mark Wilson, has, after approaching a large number of maths journals, found one that was ready to “flip”: the Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics has just announced that it will be leaving Springer. Or if you want to be more pedantic about it, a new journal will be starting, called Algebraic Combinatorics and published by The Mersenne Centre for Open Scientific Publishing, and almost all the editors of the Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics will resign from that journal and become editors of the new one, which will adhere to Fair Open Access Principles.
If you want to see change, then you should from now on regard Algebraic Combinatorics as the true continuation of the Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics, and the Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics as a zombie journal that happens to have a name that coincides with a former real journal. And of course, that means that if you are an algebraic combinatorialist with a paper that would have been suitable for the Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics, you should understand that the reputation of the Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics is being transferred, along with the editorial board, to Algebraic Combinatorics, and you should therefore submit it to Algebraic Combinatorics. This has worked with previous flips: the zombie journal rarely thrives afterwards and in some notable cases has ceased to publish after a couple of years or so.
The words of one of the editors of the Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics, Hugh Thomas, are particularly telling, especially the first sentence: “There wasn’t a particular crisis. It has been becoming more and more clear that commercial journal publishers are charging high subscription fees and high Article Processing Charges (APCs), profiting from the volunteer labour of the academic community, and adding little value. It is getting easier and easier to automate the things that they once took care of. The actual printing and distribution of paper copies is also much less important than it has been in the past; this is something which we have decided we can do without.”
I mentioned earlier that we approached many journals. Although it is very exciting that one journal is flipping, I must also admit to disappointment at how low our strike rate has been so far. However, the words “so far” are important: many members of editorial boards were very sympathetic with our aims, and some journals were adopting a wait-and-see attitude, so if the flip of JACo is successful, we hope that it will encourage other journals. I should say that we weren’t just saying, “Why don’t you flip?” but we were also offering support, including financial support. The current situation is that we can almost certainly finance journals that are ready to flip to an “ultra-cheap” model (using a platform that charges either nothing or a very small fee per submission) and help with administrative support, and are working on financial support for more expensive models, but still far cheaper than the commercial publishers, where more elaborate services are offered.
Understandably, the main editors tended to be a lot more cautious on average than the bulk of the editorial boards. I think many of them were worried that they might accidentally destroy their journals if they flipped them, and in the case of journals with long traditions, this is not something one would want to be remembered for. So again, the more we can support Algebraic Combinatorics, the more likely it is that this caution will be reduced and other journals will consider following. (If you are an editor of a journal we have not approached, please do get in touch to discuss what the possibilities are — we have put a lot of thought into it.)
Another argument put forward by some editors is that to flip a journal risks damaging the reputation of the old version of the journal, and therefore, indirectly, the reputation of the papers published in it, some of which are by early-career researchers. So they did not want to flip in order to avoid damaging the careers of young mathematicians. If you are a young mathematician and would like to comment on whether you would be bothered by a journal flipping after you had published in it, we would be very interested to hear what you have to say.
Against that background I’d like to congratulate the editors of the Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics for their courage and for the work they have put into this. (But that word “work” should not put off other editors: one of the aims of our small group was to provide support and expertise, including from Johann Rooryck, the editor of the Elsevier journal Lingua, which flipped to become Glossa, in order to make the transition as easy as possible.) I’d also like to make clear, to avoid any misunderstanding that might arise, that although I’ve been involved in a lot of discussion with Mark Wilson’s group and wrote to many editors of other journals, my role in this particular flip has been a minor one.
And finally, let me repeat the main message of this post: please support the newly flipped journal, since the more successful it is, the greater the chance that other journals will follow, and the greater the chance that we will be able to move to a more sensible academic publishing system.
Gowers's Weblog 
July 27, 2017 at 12:19 pm |
Hooray! Thank you so much for your advocacy in this issue, Dr. Gowers. As a long-ago former math major, I am also thrilled that mathematics as a field is doing a fair bit to advance this important issue. And as a Dean of Libraries at a mid-sized R2 research institution, which has been experiencing serious budget issues due to the regular far-above-inflationary price increases of academic journals, I am deeply grateful for the advocacy and support of faculty on this issue. No one would listen if it was librarians alone: we need you.
July 27, 2017 at 3:23 pm
Agreed, thank you!
July 27, 2017 at 1:15 pm |
“risks damaging the reputation of the old version of the journal, and therefore, indirectly, the reputation of the papers published in it, some of which are by early-career researchers.” – if it does work like that, then as an early career researcher I am certainly concerned about it. I suppose the rankings of JACO decided by organisations like SJR will go down, hence possibly affecting the reputation of the papers in the eyes of hiring committees. Are there some ways in which such a thing can be countered?
August 1, 2017 at 12:24 am
Reputation of journals takes many years to change. My guess is that anyone who worries about this will no longer be an early career researcher by the time it matters.
August 29, 2017 at 10:06 am
This may vary per country, but at least in Spain, the common practice is to list papers with the impact factor corresponding to year of publication. So if the journal goes bad afterwards, it doesn’t matter, as you are going to be evaluated on what it looked like when you published. I don’t see why anyone would care about how the impact factor moved *after* you published.
And if evaluation is not by impact factor but by, you know, actual expert knowledge, experts in the field should know that the journal used to be good.
So unless you are from somewhere where they explicitly evaluate you by current impact factor of papers published years ago, I wouldn’t worry much about this.
July 27, 2017 at 2:17 pm |
I tried to get pdf files of papers I published 40 years ago in the Journal of the London Mathematical Society, but it seems that the LMS will only sell me ($38/paper) online access for 24 hours. This seems inappropriately avaricious.
Should the London Mathematical Society be added to your list of publishers to boycott?
July 27, 2017 at 2:37 pm
I have extended my own personal boycott to all the big commercial publishers (though not quite with 100% consistency — I did publish with Springer a couple of years ago because there wasn’t an obvious alternative for that particular paper), and therefore decided personally to boycott the LMS when they struck a deal to be published by Wiley. But what you write sounds like a good additional reason to do so: a learned society should at the very least make all papers over a certain age available free of charge, and offering only 24 hours’ access to someone who’s paid $38 is outrageous.
July 27, 2017 at 2:40 pm
I see that to add insult to injury they require you to register before you can purchase temporary access to an old article.
August 10, 2017 at 2:04 am
Even more outrageous when you are the author of the articles in question.
July 27, 2017 at 4:10 pm |
I’m a young physicist, rather than a young mathematician, but I suppose the situations are roughly comparable, particularly since I work in theory and not in a giant experimental collaboration. For my own part, I would not be bothered if a journal in which I’d published then flipped. The benefit to the field as a whole would, in my view, outweigh whatever inconvenience to me might be involved. I would add an asterisk to that line in my CV and to the journal-ref field of its arXiv page, saying “this paper was published before the editorial board all left to continue the journal in open-access form, under the new name Algebraic Combinatorics,” or words to that effect.
After reading this blog post, I did have one idea for something that could be done on the journal’s side (although it might not be feasible in all fields). Perhaps the flipped journal could have a category of papers, called “Brief Reviews” or the like, that would concisely summarize results and situate them in context, rather like the editorial introductions in Discrete Analysis. Priority would be given to young researchers, particularly those who had published more than once in the old journal, so that they could give a précis of their earlier work. This would give them a presence in the new and better journal, and it would add value to the literature, since (let’s be honest) the original papers were probably written in the traditional style, where all humanity is ritually excised and the reader can’t see the forest for the lemmas.
I do not know if this idea is actually practical. It is, after all, more work for everybody. But I’d think the reviewing load would be fairly light, since the original work would already have passed a quality filter, and the number of papers coming in to this new channel would not be that large. And if my own experience is at all typical, the young researchers in question would have already been writing summaries, for grant proposals and progress reports and posters and talk abstracts and….
(I can also easily see a new faculty hire telling a PhD student, “You should write about our group’s work for this ‘Brief Reviews’ column. It will be a good learning experience for you.”)
One downside of this would be that the Brief Reviews would, by necessity, point back to papers in the old journal, giving that bit more citation-juice to a publication we’d like to see die off. By the same token, though, articles that cite the old work would cite the summary as well (“For a digestible overview of [17,18], see [19]”).
This is just an idea I had this morning, before I’d even gotten all the way through my caffeine unit, so it may be very silly!
July 27, 2017 at 5:34 pm |
I agree with the sentiment, but Springer is actually one of the more reasonable publishers. For example, they provide pdf files for many recently published books, with no DRM. Maybe we should concentrate our efforts on the truly scummy publishers first, like Taylor and Francis.
July 27, 2017 at 6:22 pm
I should make it clear that we approached journals from all the big commercial publishers. The fact that a Springer journal was the first to agree to flip is not a reflection of any kind of policy on our part — it’s just the way things turned out.
July 27, 2017 at 7:09 pm
1) What Tim said
2) Jeff – please answer my emails about JIS.
July 28, 2017 at 4:11 pm
At least to me, the main point is not “Springer is extraordinarily evil and we need to make an example of them” but “a broken legacy system whose usefulness is long gone is still preventing people’s access to science and costing academia significant money”. Ultimately all journals will flip; whether a Springer or a T&F journal is the next one to go is a mere footnote. (Though I’d, too, prefer a T&F one to go first. Springer, one could argue, is even helping pirates in many ways… But I’m glad it is JACO, because this makes it a lot easier *for me* to publish in an OA journal.)
If you want to reasonably differentiate, I suggest making a distinction between publishers who allow accepted manuscripts to be posted on the arXiv and publishers who don’t. While this is probably not of much *practical* relevance (I am pretty sure that a significant portion of arXiv preprints violate copyright agreements, yet I have never seen a preprint getting DMCAd from the arXiv), the intent does matter: the latter publishers are brazenly privatizing the referees’ work! If you ever get too many referee requests and you need to triage, I think this is as good as a criterion can get.
December 16, 2017 at 3:56 am
Springer is currently charging a fee for its older articles, on top of the regular subscription. And this fee is so high that top Irish libraries regard it as unaffordable. Effectively I cannot access any older article in any Springer journal, including my own in the Inventiones and Math. Annalen. At least in this respect, Springer acts even less reasonable then Elsevier, that gives free access to all its articles older than 4 years.
July 27, 2017 at 8:01 pm |
You write: “the reputation of the Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics is being transferred”.
This is of course an important point, but it is hard to keep track of these flips, particularly when the names are similar and I don’t work in that area. I admit I always have to search around a bit to keep track of which K-theory journal is the new good one. I think it would be very useful to include some documentation on the new journal’s website. Perhaps a tactful statement in a section called “History”?
If not this, how else can one verify the transfer other than by pulling email archives or blog posts such as this one? I’m thinking in particular about the kind of documentation one might submit to a hiring or tenure committee.
July 28, 2017 at 6:13 pm
Vic Reiner has a press release on his website:
Click to access AlgebraicCombinatricsPressRelease.pdf
I assume the voice will ring stronger if more of the old editorial board write about this on their sites, too.
July 27, 2017 at 8:20 pm |
I am a young (29 counts?) mathematician and a paper of us in JACO got minor revisions recently, so I am directly affected and we even have to decide if (so late in the process) we change from the old to the new JACO.
For many institutional applications the new JACO currently counts less than the old JACO. For example the Flemish Research Foundation values publications in journals that are in the Web of Science higher than other publications. The old JACO, the new JACO is not (and who knows when it will be).
Of course at one point the old JACO will be out of all the lists and the new JACO will be in. Then there is the same problem with my publications in the old JACO. Not with mathematicians I hope, but when institutions use metrics.
To summarize: the transition period bothers me for sure, but I am supportive in general and I do not see any alternative to this.
July 27, 2017 at 11:05 pm
Please encourage the Flemish Research Foundation to sign up to DORA: http://www.ascb.org/dora/
Using Web of Science as a whitelist is suboptimal – it is much slower to add good new journals than Scopus, for example. There is no getting around the fact that researchers should be evaluated based on their work, not on the journal it appears in, and that journals ought to be compared on the basis of procedural quality, not on slowly varying vague historical reputation.
July 27, 2017 at 8:52 pm |
My “young mathematician’s” perspective: as a graduate student who has not yet published anything, I can definitely appreciate the fear of a journal flipping at an inconvenient time, even though it’s not the kind of thing I’ve actually had to worry about before.
However, as someone who cares about open access, one worry that I’ve had quite a bit is that I’ll have to choose between my principles and what is best for my career when it does come time to submit something. As it happens, I work in algebraic combinatorics, so this news is very welcome.
July 27, 2017 at 8:54 pm |
And don’t forget https://scihub.org/
July 27, 2017 at 9:29 pm |
Have you seen this yet?
“Sci-Hub’s cache of pirated papers is so big, subscription journals are doomed, data analyst suggests.”
http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/07/sci-hub-s-cache-pirated-papers-so-big-subscription-journals-are-doomed-data-analyst
July 27, 2017 at 11:50 pm |
A comment merely to subscribe to the discussion here. But, on-topic, bravo to all who helped get this far!
July 30, 2017 at 10:58 pm |
Here is an attempt to crowdsource: which journal would you like to see follow in the footsteps of JACo?
August 4, 2017 at 7:08 am
From the Taylor & Francis catalogue, certainly Experimental Mathematics would be a fine journal to flip. Especially considering that most of the time the code used to produce the numerics is under some open licence.
From Springer, of course Inventiones would be nice…
August 4, 2017 at 6:38 pm
Journal of Algebra. An excellent place to put algebraic results which are too technical for a general purpose journal, unfortunately published by Elsevier. I’ve been using Journal of Commutative Algebra as an alternative but, of course, not all algebra is commutative algebra. Algebra and Number Theory is another alternative, but I think their standards are a fair bit higher.
July 31, 2017 at 3:16 pm |
Here’s an article about the flip.
August 2, 2017 at 1:02 pm |
[…] to sources on-line, the editors say there was no particular crisis that caused the flip. They viewed it as a natural […]
August 4, 2017 at 5:46 pm |
I’m still waiting for my free (and legal and complete) electronic copy of Gowers’ _The Princeton Companion to Mathematics_.
August 4, 2017 at 8:30 pm |
[…] The editors of the Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics are leaving the Springer journal, setting up a new journal, Algebraic Combinatorics. For more about this, there’s a press release, a story at Inside Higher Education, and a blog entry by Timothy Gowers. […]
August 13, 2017 at 5:07 pm |
[…] Another victory for fair and sensible maths publishing, brought about by a small group of OA advocates set up by Mark Wilson and including Timothy Gowers. There’s much more about what’s happened and why you should support the new journal on Gowers’s w…. […]
August 15, 2017 at 5:22 am |
[…] are also frustrated and doing something about it as illustrated well in this recent (July 2017) post from Professor Timothy Gowers. His frustrations with the current dissemination model are neatly […]
August 16, 2017 at 4:41 pm |
Another young mathematician here (only one paper accepted so far). Suppose I had the gift of “flipping” a journal whenever they accepted a paper of mine… then, well, I would be working twice as hard to prove more and greater theorems!
August 18, 2017 at 11:56 am |
Dear Prof Gowers, although this might be slightly out of place, I can’t help but ask if all your expository articles written for undergraduates are listed on your site; I found one nice article ( https://www.dpmms.cam.ac.uk/~wtg10/meta.integers.html ), thanks to Google, but which isn’t in the “informal discussions” page
August 20, 2017 at 6:28 am
Whoops, found it! I do hope you’ll fill up a few of your unfinished articles, though.
August 18, 2017 at 6:17 pm |
Excellent. If possible, it would be good to obtain more details on the procedures the team used to encourage change. I am a social scientist and the journal landscape (for WoS listed) journals is approaching 70% domination by the ‘big’ five’. This is the conundrum: even radical and critical social scientists regularly publish with them. My own discipline is like this. Editors and editorial boards of big 5 journals are not yet being approached to change, to my knowledge – there is little coordination. But it is time to start.
August 21, 2017 at 1:09 pm |
Hello everyone,
I’m a firm believer in the need for a changing in academic publishing practices and do not publish/edit/referee for big corporate journals (Elsevier, Springer). As a relatively young researcher, I have found a few issues very challenging while adhering to this policy. For instance,
1. Recently, I wrote a paper about linear algebra, so “Linear Algebra and its Applications” was the most natural destination. But I didn’t want to send it there. So I had to spend a lot of time (tens of hours) thinking/trying other journals. In general, I have found that trying to avoid corporate journals why still trying to get your paper in good journals is can be quite challenging.
2. Upon reading this blog I learned that it is not a great idea to publish with London Maths Society. That came out as a surprise.
Based on the above and similar considerations I advocate having a master list of journals and for each journal having a score from 0 to 10. 10 means they have good publishing practices and 0 means they have terrible practices. And then for journals with low scores, have some suggestions for alternatives. This is not as daunting as it sounds. For instance, Australian Maths Society has compiled a list of journals and one can start there:
https://www.austms.org.au/Rankings/AustMS_final_ranked.html
August 21, 2017 at 2:37 pm
That does sound like a very good idea. And it’s great to hear that you are taking this stance against the current publication system despite being at an earlyish stage in your career.
I might add that I don’t know what the precise arrangements are between the LMS and Wiley, so I wouldn’t feel comfortable telling people that they should boycott the LMS. I myself can afford to take a guilty-until-proved-innocent attitude, so I do. But some might argue that since a share of the profits of the LMS journals goes to the LMS, which then funds mathematical activities, it’s not as bad as a journal published entirely for the benefit of the shareholders of a commercial publisher. (I don’t like this argument myself because I think we should find an alternative funding model for learned societies, so that they are no longer complicit in the system.)
August 21, 2017 at 10:51 pm
Hi Tim,
It is exactly because of the nature of the current discussion, that I advocate having a “scoring system” for each journal. Probably LMS Journals would get 5, whereas Elsevier Journals would get 1 and AMS Journals would get 9.
As far as I know, currently, every person wishing to adhere to a policy towards big publishers has to invent their own system, spending hundreds of hours trying to maneuver the minefield. It would be nice to have a “manual” to deal with this. I would guess if you asked for volunteers, you would get a good response and this can be done in a “polymath” way…
Best,
Masoud
August 22, 2017 at 3:23 pm |
I also took part in the JACO -> ACO transition leaded by Vic Reiner and others. Personally, I do not support the policy of boycotting commercial (or professional) publishers, and I even would like to see an equilibrium point where commercial publishers will remain important part of the scientific landscape.
A policy I would recommend, especially for young scientists, is to give your views regarding commercial publishers some weight (but not an ultimate weight) in your consideration along with other matters: What is the best journal scientifically to submit the paper? What is the “cost” (academic and personal also in terms of time wasted) in submitting the paper to a different journal, etc.
August 23, 2017 at 9:35 am
Let me add that, of course, journal flips like JACO’s and new journals like Discrete Analysis are valuable to change the incentive maps for the commercial publishers and thus to lower prices and to increase availability of papers, as well as a way for our community to examine new tools and platforms for publishing.
August 29, 2017 at 9:41 pm
> as well as a way for our community to examine new tools and platforms for publishing.
This immediately struck a chord. My tuppence worth…
Conventional wisdom goes along the lines of “journals are good because they involve peer review and peer review is good because it ensures quality of the mathematical corpus, etc, and never mind the cost”, or so it seems to me.
However, at the risk of stating the obvious, does not an increasing amount of peer review happen spontaneously and away from journals? Mathematicians effectively publish to the arxiv and then those with the ability and inclination to judge simply do so and usually share their thoughts online. Look at the recent P vs NP debate. And Perelman’s proof never came close to being published in a peer review journal and that was way back in 2002.
To give some examples of new tools and platforms, take github.com and npmjs.com. The scene is not as glamorous as mathematics perhaps and it is far from perfect but it has its merits. The content is freely available, for a start. These companies support openness and make money not by restricting access to that content but by charging for adjunct services and the like. I don’t think there is much cynicism in this support of openness, it just happens to work for everyone.
The point I want to make is that this system does have its own form of peer review although nobody ever calls it that. Further, peer view of mathematics in the form of the arxiv, blogging and so on is not entirely dissimilar to it and the two forms it seems to me are converging.
August 30, 2017 at 11:56 am
I gave this a few more moments thought this morning. Another example, directly mathematics related, is Globular:
https://ncatlab.org/nlab/show/Globular
You can publish directly, for example globular.science/1512.004, and there is doubtless peer review (I’m using the term loosely now) amongst those who use the tool seriously. But to the outsider this aspect appears hidden, at least at a first glance.
Going back to the recent P vs NP debate, this played out across several forums. I first heard of it on Azimuth, but the debate was also on mathoverflow, etc. So I think for this kind of peer review some kind of forum is needed that is closer to the published content itself.
An example of something that I think is close to what might be good is GitHub issues. I wonder if the idea of adding issues to the arxiv has even been seriously considered. The thought if it doesn’t seem quite right, though. But I do think something like GitHub issues, available from the same site that publishes whatever mathematical content, would enable this looser form of peer review and direct contact with the author to boot (the two are related obviously).
September 11, 2017 at 4:16 pm |
[…] of another Math journal mutiny against a publisher (Springer). Tim Gowers and co. seemed to have played a minor role in getting the editors to pull the trigger. Gowers suggests that these mutinies are powerful, but […]
December 19, 2017 at 8:39 pm |
Quite recently a question came up on mathoverflow.com vaguely related to some of the replies to this post (or at the very least mine):
https://mathoverflow.net/q/41214/93609
I gave quite a detailed answer to it (surprising myself a little in doing so), which shows that I have started putting into practice some of my thoughts about GitHub issues, etc, outlined in my reply above:
https://mathoverflow.net/a/288852/93609
There is still a way to go, years probably, but perhaps things are far enough advanced, or soon will be, for me to mention it (somewhat sheepishly) in a place where it might get some attention.
So many attempts at this kind of thing seem to peter out (again see the answers to the mathoverflow,com question in the unlikely event that you need any convincing). I guess my excuse for mentioning my own attempt now, therefore, at the risk of appearing to be too self-aggrandising, is that I don’t intend to let that happen.
September 13, 2018 at 12:29 pm |
Your theme song:
(supportive comment from a rubbernecker not a mathematician)
December 27, 2018 at 1:22 am |
[…] Rujukan https://gowers.wordpress.com/2017/07/27/another-journal-flips/ […]
March 19, 2019 at 12:14 am |
[…] which resigned in mass to form a journal named Algebraic Combinatorics (AC). But despite laudations, the original journal exists and doing fine or at least ok. To my mild disbelief, the new […]
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April 13, 2021 at 10:00 pm |
A colleague suggested: I’d favor altering citation styles to exclude journal name when citing anything published by Elsevier, Wiley, and Springer, and only cite “authors, title, arxiv URL” instead.
April 17, 2021 at 3:32 pm |
Except arxiv is largely for mathematics, physics and various IT related studies.